which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

c. rationalization. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Behaviorally test your thought. c. phallic stage. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? 101. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Consider where students sit in a class. Bertha (Anna O.) According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Infants tend to do things that feel good. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. What is it? A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. 2.2.2. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. a. modeling Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. d. synapses. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. 22. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. 144. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. d. cognition-focused. 166. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. Chapter Recap. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. 156. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. Over time I learned that attention was good. 29. d. latent content. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. 3. 43. d. client-centered therapy. 23. Figure 2.8. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. a. Dysfunction b. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? "That's all right. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? d. synapses. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. 81. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. This might even affect how you interact with them. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. b. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. b. multicultural. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. d. self-aware. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. c. Beck. 62. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). 25. c. transference. Operant conditioning. I'm here for you." b. These medications fall under five major categories. c. enmeshed. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. So what do we do with this information? Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Neurotransmitters. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. As such, he continues to steal her toys. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. c. social networks. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Describe observational learning and modeling. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. a. humanistic b. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? c. result of childhood trauma. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: 137. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. d. sociocultural. What is learning? Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? c. humanistic-existential Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. b. axons. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. c. primary process thought. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. d. classical conditioning. This is called the. This is an example of: See Figure 2.4 below. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. b. overgeneralization. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? The charge inside is -70mV at rest. c. manifest content. c. paradigms. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. b. cognitive-behavioral The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. 87. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. 50. 2.2.1.5. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. 21. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Attributions and cognitive errors. c. operant conditioning. 129. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. c. They explain outside influences and past events. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. See Figure 2.1 below. A friend recommends this therapy. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. More on that over the next two sections. 143. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . 108. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: 46. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. Think of it as an If-Then statement. 115. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. 24. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. 30. 27. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? 145. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. Right? However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. 162. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. 2.3.2.1. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. c. role-playing. 55. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. 104. c. regression. c. psychoanalytic theory. 102. 2.2.1.4. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. c. axons. b. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. d. past traumatic experiences. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. How so? Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. a. humanistic therapy. b. sociocultural There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. They are sexual in nature. 39. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. This thought is an example of: a. depression. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. 75. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. 79. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. b. cognitive-behavioral A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. b. behavior-focused therapists. Banduras Classic Experiment. a. The Structure of the Nervous System. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. c. psychodynamic. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. 54. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. b. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. c. maintenance. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Schemas and cognitive errors. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. c. gestalt therapy. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. a. modeling. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. d. propositions. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. b. existential therapy. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Hmm. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Genetic issues and explanations. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Which is an example of latent content? Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. 56. d. psychoanalytic therapy. 116. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. b. social factors leading to stress. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. 130. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? However, she went to the restroom to change instead. a. psychoanalysis. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. c. neurotransmitters. 1. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. 80. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. None of the models are complete within themselves. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. 90. b. superego. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Postconditioning. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model.