Surrealism aimed at reuniting the unconscious and conscious domains of experience to such a length that both the fantasy and dream worlds are joined in our natural and rational world creating a surreality or absolute reality. An eye has been added above the bracket on the side of the bomb to create the effect of a bizarre bird. Even the very name of the movement is slightly absurd - it takes its name from the French word for 'hobby-horse'. His work points deeply toward the Surrealist impulse to manifest unconscious drives, unapologetically, through artwork. It is challenging to pin down a coherent Surrealism art definition because the . While Man Ray was experimenting with photography, Andre Breton was forging ahead with the establishment of a new avant-garde movement. Surrealism was officially launched with the Manifesto of Surrealism, authored by Breton in 1924. Matte albumen print - The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California. Maar's image is titled after the antihero of Alfred Jarry's play Ubu Roi (1896), a proto-Surrealist work that celebrated the absurd and the psychological. Claude Cahun, for example, is cited as a key influence of a number of female artists working with photography, self-portraiture and disguise, such as Cindy Sherman and Gillian Wearing. . Dadaism Dadaism or Dada is a post-World War I cultural movement in visual art as well as literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design. In 1920, one such exhibit was closed down by the police. . This was followed by discordant music and then several readings that encouraged crowd participation until the crowd lost control and began to destroy several of the props. Artists such as Claude Cahun continued to produce work in a similar, if not identical, vein well into the 1940s. One shouldn't let too many words out. As Dadaism initially originated as an anti-war and also anti-art movement most of its early works take the shape of protesting art form. Proponents of the movement, which was as prominent, if not more, in the realm of visual arts as in literature, were fascinated by the idea that one could tap into . Much of their anti-art activity took place in Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery and at the studio of Walter and Louise Arensberg. The lack of artistic control represented in this work would also become a defining element of Surrealism as that group tried to find paths into the unconscious whereby intellectual control on creativity was undermined. Beyond Realism brings together some of the finest examples of Dada and Surrealist art from the National Galleries of Scotland's collection, featuring works by artists such as Salvador Dal, Marcel Duchamp and Ren Magritte. They did this through collage and juxtaposition, or through manipulating a familiar object in order to make it appear unknown, which invoked the idea of the uncanny, a key principle of Surrealist inquiry. Kurt Schwitters, excluded from the Berlin group likely because of his links to Der Sturm gallery and the Expressionist style, both of which were seen as antithetical to Dada because of their Romanticism and focus on aesthetics, formed his own Dada group in Hannover in 1919, though he was its only practitioner. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, impacting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory. The group's founding in the Cabaret Voltaire in Zrich was appropriate: the Cabaret was named after the 18. Each using new ideas of the conscious and unconscious worlds in each art form. Its influence on later 20th-century artists such as Jeff Koons, Robert Rauschenberg, Damien Hirst, and others is incalculable. with Surrealism. The image captures some of the disorienting and out-of-body sensations caused by the house of mirrors, where one's body is reflected in unexpected ways and from strange angles, developing the Surrealist aim of documenting and creating alternative realities and normalities. The photograph was originally published with the caption "view from an aeroplane," pointing to the way in which our understanding of a photographic image is dependent on its linguistic context. One of the most important ways in which photography became more closely associated with Surrealism was through the publication of journals. Teacher introduces the concept of Dada, the randomness in art inspired by the advent of World War I. All Rights Reserved, Dal and The Surrealists - Master Marketers, Gaga for Dada: The Original Art Rebels (2016), Dada Art Movement History - "Dada on Tour", Europe after the Rain: Dadaism and Surrealism (1978), WWI, Cabaret Voltaire & the beginnings of Dada, Dada: Zrich, Berlin, Hannover, Cologne, New York, Paris, The Dada Painters and Poets: An Anthology, Second Edition (Paperbacks in Art History), No Nonsense about Dada - Review of MoMA Exhibition, So intent were members of Dada on opposing all norms of bourgeois culture that the group was barely in favor of itself: "Dada is anti-Dada," they often cried. Dada's challenge to conventional notions of 'high art' radically impacted later developments in conceptual art, performance art and post-modernism among others. The woman, with her exaggerated screaming mouth, is both erotic and highly disturbing; with a nightmarish quality that connotes the Surrealist interest in dreams. The fishing wire used to suspend the furniture was removed in post-production to finalize the image. ", "We attempted perfection; we wanted an object to be without flaw, so we cut the papers with a razor, pasted them down meticulously, but it buckled and was ruined that is why we decided to tear prewrinkled paper, so that in the finished work of art imperfection would be an integral part, as if at birth death were built in. From the beginning Dadaism and surrealism showed true signs of influence from psychology. Dada was a wartime movement, founded in the midst of an international slaughter of young men, led by a deluded and incompetent class of elites. The initial goal of both the Dada and the Surrealist movements were far away from being related to art as they were chiefly political and both tried to put an end to everything which was viewed as civilized. Dada artworks present intriguing overlaps and paradoxes in that they seek to demystify artwork in the populist sense but nevertheless remain cryptic enough to allow the viewer to interpret works in a variety of ways. 3. The key to understanding Dada works lies in reconciling the seemingly silly, slapdash styles with the profound anti-bourgeois message. There is no consensus on the origin of the movement's name; a common story is that the German artist Richard Huelsenbeck slid a paper knife (letter-opener) at random into a dictionary, where it landed on "dada", a colloquial French term for a hobby horse. Edition: 2. No longer purely mimetic, the photograph confuses the usual status and conventions of a photographic image with respect to reality. The Persistence of Memory - Salvador Dali. Even though Atget had been experimenting with photos of shop windows for a decade, his work would come to prominence in the 1920s. Other than the obvious examples of Surrealism, Neo-Dada, and Conceptual art, these would include Pop art, Fluxus, the Situationist International, Performance art, Feminist art, and Minimalism. Not only did artist express it in their works they brought it to a new a revolution in all art forms. Their humor is an unequivocal YES to everything as art. By processing these states through an art of the subconscious, the Surrealists were forerunners to the psychological concepts of mining the interior world. June 22, 1997. Metropolitan Museum of Art / Elsewhere in the collage, known proponents of Dada, such as Raoul Hausmann, are arranged in contrast to these establishment figures. Such use of juxtapositions allowed Dada artists to eradicate the original meanings of the photographs and re-contextualize contemporary issues. I photograph my fantasy. This is a complete irony since today both these movements are acknowledged as major art movements having significant influences on modern cotemporary artists. Soon after this, Tzara traveled to Paris, where he met Andr Breton and began formulating the theories that Breton would eventually put together in Surrealism. This is an important example of early Surrealist photography, crossing the line between Dada and Surrealism in the early 1920s. Dada, Surrealist Movement and Artistic Production. The end of Dada in Zrich followed the Dada 4-5 event in April 1919 that by design turned into a riot, something that Tzara thought furthered the aims of Dada by undermining conventional art practices through audience involvement in art production. With the title, Fountain, Duchamp made a tongue in cheek reference to both the purpose of the urinal as well to famous fountains designed by Renaissance and Baroque artists. Paris Dada published a counter-attack under the direction of Tzara. Surrealism is a cultural movement that started in 1917, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. (Elkins, 145), As an artistic revolution the Dada movement completely changed the outlook of contemporary art form since it introduced a number of new aesthetics, techniques and also styles. Dadaism or the Dada movement was a cultural movement which originated in Switzerland. London: Yale University Press, 1993. It features a central painting of a nude woman on a black background, with the words in French, "I do not see the woman hidden in the forest." Art historian Robert James Belton argues that "surrounded there by Surrealists with closed eyes, she signifies precisely that her adorers were indeed blind to any but their own subjective inner realities." These include Jean Arp and Andr Masson's "automatic drawings," Paul Klee and Joan Mir's semi-automatic works, Max Ernst's frottages (rubbing) and grattages (scraping), and Oscar Dominguez's decalcomania (blotting). The purpose of this essay is to figure out the historical context of Dada formation as well as to dwell upon the main idea behind Surrealism art. This assemblage represents Hausmann's disillusion with the German government and their inability to make the changes needed to create a better nation. September 18, 2006, By Martin Filler / But later the aim shifted towards art after which first the Dada movement and later the Surrealist movement completely separated from art and its effects. Psychological trauma, such as that experienced by many soldiers, could open new vistas of "reality" based on a mentally disturbed state. This included. All content | Dada and Surrealism Fur teacups, urinals, melting clocks, and more. Surrealism is a modern movement in art and literature that tries to express the subconscious mind. (Calo & Stokstad, 26-30). Sylvester, David. He described his technique as the "systematic exploitation of the chance or artificially provoked confrontation of two or more mutually alien realities on an obviously inappropriate level - and the poetic spark that jumps across when these realities approach each other". In that year, Ernst left Cologne for Paris, thus dissolving that group. This is partly because photographs could be reproduced easily and circulated through the means of journals such as this, allowing the visual aspect of the Surrealist movement to reach a much wider audience than would otherwise be possible. It is an ironic sculptural illustration of Hausmann's belief that the average member of (corrupt) society "has no more capabilities than those which chance has glued to the outside of his skull; his brain remains empty". Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes, sometimes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday objects, and developing painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. The term "dada" is a colloquial French term for a hobbyhorse, yet it also echoes the first words of a child, and these suggestions of childishness and absurdity appealed to the group, who were keen to put a distance between themselves and the sobriety of conventional society. Although the images in this series are of nude women, in many examples, such as Distortion #51, the figure's nudity is both sexual and anti-sexual due to deformation. ", Silver gelatin print - The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Le Violon d'Ingres is one of the best-known images in modern art. Dadaists did not self-consciously declare micro-regional movements; the spread of Dada throughout various European cities and into New York can be attributed to a few key artists, and each city in turn influenced the aesthetics of their respective Dada groups. In most regards they are two significantly different movements, even though many Dada artists became surrealists, such as Max Ernst. It is a photograph taken by Man Ray of Marcel Duchamp's masterpiece The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (1915-1923) after it had sat for three years gathering dust in Duchamp's studio. The Dada movement and the Surrealist movement differed on their perception of chance in the artistic world. Apparently, this technique arose when Arp became frustrated by attempts to compose more formal geometric arrangements. Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works. This suggests an element of self-reflexive understanding that is very important for appreciating the Surrealist movement. * Hyperlink the URL after pasting it to your document, The Power of Photography: Photographys Reality Effect, Great Depression and Romanticism in America, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind by Michel Gondry, Canadian Cinematographys National Content, Pogues If I Should Fall From the Grace of God Review, Inception by Christopher Nolan: Human Mind Mysteries, Our site uses cookies. New York Dada began c. 1915, [2] [3] and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris. "Dada Movement Overview and Analysis". Leader Andr Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement.Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I. For example, Man Ray and Duchamp's aforementioned Dust Breeding (1920) directly inspired Sophie Ristelhueber's cause de l'levage de poussire, her 1991 aerial photograph of the Kuwait desert just after the expulsion of Iraqi forces. He very much enjoyed going against convention and re-defining himself to work in new ways a number of times over a career that spanned over 45 years. Dada embraced elements of art, music, poetry, theatre, dance and politics. A "Congress of the Constructivists", for example, was held in Weimar in October of 1922, which was attended by a number of the German Dadaists and in 1924, Breton published the Surrealist manifesto after which many of the remaining Dadaists joined that movement. Cite this document Summary. Surrealism Examples benjamm22 Surrealism Project Jime Wimmer Surrealism Juan Carlos Ceguerra Surrealism lillianc22 Surrealism guest948987 Similar to Surrealism & Dada (20) KCC Art 211 Ch 22 Between The Wars Kelly Parker Surrealism final SarahCaruso Surrealism final SarahCaruso Art styles Joey Richard Dio Modern Arts Vi-Ann Javil Surrealism Their anti-authoritarian stance made for a protean movement as they opposed any form of group leadership or guiding ideology. "Dada, Surrealist Movement and Artistic Production." Shelves: 21th-century, arts, philosophy, historical, non-fiction. StudyCorgi, 8 Dec. 2021, studycorgi.com/dada-surrealist-movement-and-artistic-production/. Whereas photography had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work with the camera and progressive techniques to create images jarringly detached from photography's original uses. Why Art Cannot Be Taught: A Handbook For Art Students. Introduction. It also had a widespread effect on later avant-garde art movements, including Nouveau ralisme and is the basis of Surrealism. Comparison Between Shakespeares Theaters With Todays, Art & Culture. For example, Alexander Sacharoff (1886-1963) was a dancer, painter, and choreographer; Emmy Hennings was a cabaret performer and poet; Sophie Taeuber was a dancer . The photomontage technique was developed in Berlin during this period. ("Dada," n. d. ) Dadaism was aimed at the artists who felt art created spiritual values. International movement in art and literature that used ridicule and nonsense to reflect what was considered to be the meaninglessness of modern world. The name, plucked from a dictionary in Zurich in 1916, means rocking horse in French or yes yes in Romanian and Russian. Anarchist movement that challenged traditional perceptions of art as well as provoked a reexamination of social and moral values. Duchamp transformed a cheap postcard of the Mona Lisa (1517) painting, which had only recently been returned to the Louvre after it was stolen in 1911. A readymade was simply an object that already existed and was commandeered by Dada artists as a work of art, often in the process combined with another readymade, as in Duchamp's Bicycle Wheel, thus creating an assemblage. Art historian Ian Walker argues that Atget's work "seems to form a bridge between 19th-century topographical photography and 20th-century modernism" and, in particular, Surrealism. He was a member of the movement for about two years before working as a journalist for Die Freie Zeitung. The random objects leave behind a shadowy imprint that dissociates them from their original context. Surrealist artistslike Joan Mir, Salvador Dal, Pablo Picasso, or Michael Cheval, among many othersseek to explore the unconscious mind as a way of creating art, resulting in dreamlike, sometimes bizarre imagery across endless mediums. Each group felt that the unconscious was wanted desires by that person. Assemblage of wood, oil, metal, board on board, with artist's frame - Collection of the Tate, United Kingdom. As in the Dada movement they used unexpected ways to express their art and poetry. Hoch's photomontage is a great Dada example Dadaism painting Kitchen Knife is one of her most famous examples, seemingly random but loaded with subtext. London: Yale University Press, 2002. New paragraph." However, Maar became increasingly involved in the Surrealist movement, drawn to their political statements and to their use of the fantastical to propose alternative ways of being and thinking. Surrealism's search for processes that would free artworks from conscious thought manifested itself in multiple forms and techniques. Surrealism was born in Paris, France, and this remained the main hub for the movement throughout the '20s and '30s. After hearing of the Dada movement in Zrich, a number of Parisian artists including Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Paul Eluard, and others become interested. Their publications, such as The Blind Man, Rongwrong, and New York Dada challenged conventional museum art with more humor and less bitterness than European groups. Cahun's photographs suggest that each element should not be considered in isolation, but as part of a wider interdisciplinary practice that is typical of many Surrealist photographers. With its blank eyes, the dummy is a narrow-minded, blind automaton. To create this work, Man Ray took a photograph of one of his favorite models, Kiki, and made her pose resemble a painting by Ingres. Thank you! If the letters are pronounced as they would be by a native French speaker, it would sound as if one were saying "Elle a chaud au cul," which loosely translates as "She has a hot ass." The Red Tower was his first painting and became one of the most iconic surrealist paintings. "Dada and Surrealist Photography Movement Overview and Analysis". The hand-held mirror reappears, and the rouge and the eye shadow. In 1920 Hausmann and Huelsenbeck give a lecture tour in Dresden, Hamburg, Leipzig, and Prague. This lecture was presented on July 31, 2018, at the National Gallery of Art. By re-photographing the print, Man Ray elides the original image with his manipulation of it, resulting in the woman's body being inseparable from the violin-like figurations on it. Many art journals were birthed during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to mass distribute these works of art to a populous which might otherwise not have access to them. In order to attract other artists and intellectuals, Ball put out a press release that read, "Cabaret Voltaire. The word "Merz," which Schwitters used to describe his art practice as well as his individual pieces, is a nonsensical word, like Dada, that Schwitters culled from the word "commerz", the meaning of which he described as follows: "In the war, things were in terrible turmoil. Once the war ended in 1918, many of the artists returned to their home countries, helping to further spread the movement. Dada was an artistic and literary movement that began in Zrich, Switzerland. (Wood & Frascina, 173) It not only included art theories and manifestos and visual art but also poetry, theatre, literature and graphics. Dora Maar is often better known for being the muse and lover of Pablo Picasso. The hand-held mirror has only been held away from the face for a minute, during the moment of capture, before it reappears for the stereotypically feminine task of self-inspection. Examples of Surrealist literature are Artists El Pees-Nerds (1 926), Argon's Urine's Count (1927), Pretest's Death to the Pigs (1 929), Creel's Mr.. Tzara described it thus: "the tumult is unchained hurricane frenzy siren whistles bombardment song the battle starts out sharply, half the audience applaud the protestors hold the hall . Dada was developed in Switzerland, just afte. It arose as a reaction to World War I and the nationalism that many thought had led to the war. Dada artists are hard to classify in a genre because many of them did many things: music, literature, sculpture, painting, puppetry, photography, body art, and performance art. Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism was the name of an exhibition held in 1936 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and it left a profound impression on many American creators. Dada also had a profound influence on graphic design and the field of advertising with their use of collage. The resulting arrangement could then provoke a more visceral reaction, like the fortune telling from I-Ching coins that interested Arp, and perhaps provide a further creative spur. Then surrealism came along to channel the anti-art energies of Dadaists like Marcel Duchamp back into the museum, triggering a wildly successful yet fractious movement that swept Europe between the wars and embraced many media. By borrowing methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, these artists were turning their work into "advertisements" of the individual artist's mind. Tied closely to Dada irreverence was their interest in humor, typically in the form of irony. Maar's image points to a key facet of Surrealist photography: photographs did not have to be heavily manipulated for the subjects to emerge unrecognizable. These ideas would come together and form a new revolution of art and science as one in the early 1920's. As the world opens a new door into the 20th century, the art world is . Other than the obvious examples of Surrealism, Neo-Dada, and Conceptual art, these would include Pop art, Fluxus, the Situationist International, Performance art, Feminist art, and Minimalism. Some street scene photographers such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Helen Levitt would borrow Surrealist notions of discovering the uncanny in their everyday decisive moments. Some examples may be found in the works of Salvador Dal, Luis Bunuel, and Man Ray. Knife Miss Fork (1 931), Shades Headway's the Blind Owl (1 937), and Bretons Sure la route De San Romano (1948). Surrealism was originally Paris based. Such confusion points to the inherent instability of the photographic image so often explored by the Surrealist photographers. Cahun, along with other women who take photographic self-portraits, both confirms and undermines stereotypical images of femininity, drawing attention to their prevalence and self-perpetuation while simultaneously highlighting their subjectivity, multiplicity, and artifice. In fact, the embrace of the readymade is key to Dada's use of irony as it shows an awareness that nothing has intrinsic value. Dadaist activities lasted until the mid 1920s. Anti-war, anti-art and anti-bourgeois movement. Like Zrich during the war, New York City was a refuge for writers and artists. Dada quickly spread to France and the US (to Paris and New York in particular), but many of its proponents who worked with photography remained in Germany. ", "Photographic data is still and ESSENTIALLY THE SAFEST POETIC MEDIUM and the most agile process for catching the most delicate osmoses which exist between reality and surreality. In her photographs, and in this quotation in particular, Cahun draws attention to photography's artifice, its ability to trick despite its apparently scientific "honesty." I also wore a high, blue-and-white-striped witch doctor's hat. One of his most important pieces, The Large Glass or Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even, was begun in New York in 1915 and is considered to be a major milestone for its depiction of a strange, erotic drama using mechanical forms. Each group varied slightly in their focus, with the Berlin group being the most anti-government and the New York group being the most anti-art. Artists like Max Ernst, Ren Magritte, Kay Sage, and Yves Tanguy, to name only a few, would follow the dictum of the movements founder, Andr Breton, and seek to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality. As part of the series Celebrating the East Building: 20th-Century Art, senior lecturer David Gariff explores the chaos of Dada and the revolution of surrealism. Some of Ball's best-known sound poems are 'Karawane' and "Klatzen and Pfauen.' Wood, Paul & Frascina, F. Modernism in dispute: art since the Forties. The publication was one of the early works to connect photography with the emerging Surrealist movement in early 1920s Paris. She shared a studio with Surrealist photographer Brassai and began experimenting with new subjects and techniques. The most important center of the movement was Paris, France. Hannah Hooch (1889 - 1978) was a German Dada artist. It was during this period that Duchamp began exhibiting readymades (found objects) such as a bottle rack, and got involved with the Society of Independent Artists. The books and articles below constitute a bibliography of the sources used in the writing of this page. Artists like Max Ernst, Ren Magritte, Kay Sage, and Yves Tanguy, to name only a few, would follow the dictum of the movement's founder, Andr Breton, and "seek to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality." By Tom Hinson, Ian Walker and Lisa Kurzner, By Atlas Gallery, a London gallery that specializes in photography, Department of Photographs / In 1916, Emmy Hennings and Hugo Ball founded the Cabaret Voltaire on 5 February. Dadaism is a movement in art, literature, and the visual arts that began in the early 20th century. . Retrieved from https://studycorgi.com/dada-surrealist-movement-and-artistic-production/, StudyCorgi. Much experimental music owes its origins to Dada. It traces the process by which the center of avant-garde artwork - Dada and Surrealist - moved away from Paris to New York, symbolized, perhaps, by the end of Mina Loy's novel, Insel, in which the narrator, who is collecting artworks for an American . Others became interested in other movements. Before the 1920s, photography was primarily known as a scientific tool for capturing accurate images of the world, of documenting life, which suggested a conceptual opposition to the Surrealists' aim of capturing the imaginary, the fantastical, and the psychological. Hans Bellmer's photographs of dolls are perhaps some of the best-known Surrealist photographs. The riot, which began as a Dada event, was one of the most significant. You are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly. The doll is a key figuration in Surrealist art, and particularly in Surrealist photography. This is one of Atget's more playful images that he created toward the end of his life, though prototypical of his iconic, continual series of mannequins in storefront windows. David Gariff, senior lecturer, National Gallery of Art. 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Their use of juxtapositions allowed Dada artists to eradicate the original meanings of the most iconic Surrealist paintings 1978!, dance and politics, including Nouveau ralisme and is the basis of Surrealism best-known... Irony since today both these movements are acknowledged as major art movements significant. And is the basis of Surrealism took place in Alfred Stieglitz 's 291 Gallery and at National. Event, was one of the artists returned to their home countries, helping to further spread movement... Is the basis of Surrealism the doll is a key figuration in photography! Multiple forms and techniques avant-garde art movements having significant influences on modern cotemporary.!, Andre Breton was forging ahead with the emerging Surrealist movement conscious and unconscious worlds in each art.! The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California Dada was an artistic and literary that! Wood, oil, metal, board on board, with artist 's frame - Collection of the dada and surrealism art examples.! N. d. ) Dadaism was aimed at the studio of Walter and Louise Arensberg artists Surrealists. N. d. ) Dadaism was aimed at the National Gallery of art as Max Ernst )! That read, `` Cabaret Voltaire movement Overview and Analysis '' establishment of a new a revolution all... To write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly disillusion with the Manifesto of Surrealism [ ]... Some examples may be found in the works of Salvador Dal, Bunuel... Of self-reflexive understanding that is very important for appreciating the Surrealist movement differed on their perception of chance in early. This assemblage represents Hausmann 's disillusion with the German government and their inability to the. 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