The relative density of fuel, sometimes called the API specific gravity, refers to the amount of fuel per unit. You'll find the definition, five different vapor pressure formulas, and details about the most often-used one - Antoine equation. The Tetens equation works well for 0C0\ \degree\mathrm{C}0C - 50C50\ \degree\mathrm{C}50C range, but Buck beats all of them for every checked value. The best-known example is the Cleveland open cup (COC).[4]. Specifically, vapor pressure is a measure of the volatility of a fuel, or the degree to which it vaporizes at a given temperature. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. For all regulated parties except retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers, maximum standards generally take effect May 1. Crisp, A.J., Bhalla, A.K. Login. by Tim Brice and Todd Hall. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. It is also used to characterize the fire hazards of fuels. That for toluene is 50 to 100 p.p.m. Fuels under viscosity requirements often provide insufficient lubrication, while fuels above those requirements cause poor combustion. Water and sediments shortens the life of fuel filters and negatively affects corrosion and microbial growth. Caitlynn Lowe has been writing since 2006 and has been a contributing writer for Huntington University's "Mnemosyne" and "Huntingtonian." Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. How to Install an Isuzu Rodeo's Fuel Filter. Milton Beychok(Visit me at www.air-dispersion.com). (Includes part of Rocky Mtn. EPA published a final rule on April 7, 2017 (82 FR 16932) that removed Ohios rule that required the sale of 7.8 psi RVP gasoline in Butler, Clark, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, Miami, Montgomery and Warren Counties. Lower RVP limits apply in areas that are: The regulatory text in 40 CFR 1090.215(a)(2) contains a table that lists the six areas that are currently subject to the federal 7.8 psi RVP standard. subject to the federal 7.8 psi RVP standard; required to sell federal reformulated gasoline (RFG); required to sell California RFG (i.e., the entire state of California); and. The TAG flash point tester adheres to ASTM D56 and has no stirrer, while the Abel flash point testers adheres to IP 170 and ISO 13736 and has a stirring motor so the sample is stirred during testing. Where TTT is expressed in C\degree\mathrm{C}C and PPP in kPa\mathrm{kPa}kPa. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. hPA kPA lbs per square in. I like it better on the conservative side of things. What elements are needed by the body in small amounts? As of July 2, 2015, no Alabama counties are subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility standard. Vapor or saturation pressure depends on temperature. This calculator is one of the easiest to use, as you need to enter only one value, so you shouldn't have any problems with using it! For example, testing by the Pensky-Martens closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D93, IP34, ISO 2719, DIN 51758, JIS K2265 and AFNOR M07-019. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy. Fischer, T. and Bjarnason, B.: Sensitizing and irritant properties of 3 environmental classes of diesel oil and their indicator dyes. For a more generic tool, visit our vapor pressure calculator! Temperature. The ash content of diesel fuel should be no more than 0.01 per cent. The boiling point at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia, 1 bar absolute) for some common fluids and gases can be found from the . Explain Distinction between Free Radical Reaction and Polar Reaction. Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 and 96 C (126 and 205 F). At this point, there are as many molecules leaving the liquid and entering the gas phase as there are molecules leaving the gas phase and entering the liquid phase. Data sources: Most metals use the fits from C.B. . (EN 60079-10-1). The vapor pressure of a liquid is defined as the pressure exerted by the molecules that escapes from the liquid to form a separate vapor phase above the liquid surface. : Acute renal failure after immersion in seawater polluted by diesel oil. Temperature Step=. The test methodology defines the apparatus required to carry out the measurement, key test parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method. hence, pv = 35.89 psia = 247.46 kPa. 4.08245: 1346.382-53.508: Gaw and Swinton, 1968: Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's . Note that many objects have resided for eons in the vacuum of space, whose temperature is not absolute zero, but have not evaporated because they have non-zero vapor pressure (e.g., asteroids). In addition to the Penskey-Martens flash point testers, other non-equilibrial testers include TAG and Abel, both of which are capable of cooling the sample below ambient for low flash point materials. Beauregard, Calcasieu, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lafourche, Orleans, Pointe Coupee, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. James, and St. Mary Parishes Louisiana; Official websites use .gov The viscosity of a liquid refers to its resistance against being deformed by shear forces. Reasons such as off-topic, duplicates, flames, illegal, vulgar, or students posting their homework. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Fuels which have a flash point less than 37.8C (100.0F) are called flammable, whereas fuels having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible. Acetaldehyde: 120 kPa (vapor pressure) Acetic acid: 2.1 kPa; Acetone: 30 kPa; Amyl acetate: 0.47 kPa; Aniline: 0.09 kPa; Beer: 2.4 kPa; Benzene: 14 kPa; Bromine: 28 kPa; Carbon disulfide: 48 kPa; Carbon . We can cautiously compare diesel with n-dodecane in these terms as this has a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg, a value typical of a diesel. What should the viscosity of diesel fuel be? Vapor pressure is an important quality specification for gasoline. The composition (in the case of a mixture) also influences this stability pressure. As of October 16, 2015, no North Carolina counties are subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility standard. Das, M. and Misra, M.P. Vapor pressure limits vary seasonally, with higher limits in the cold months and lower limits in the warm months. We don't save this data. The equilibrium - in other words, steady state - between evaporation and condensation occurs when: the rate of evaporation of the liquid = Rate of condensation of the gas. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. B The vertical line corresponding to 250C intersects the vapor pressure curve of mercury at P 75 mmHg. If you're unsure what vapor pressure is, keep scrolling. * Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. subject to a SIP-approved state fuel rule that requires an RVP of less than 9.0 psi must meet the requirements of the federally approved SIP. Standards for June 1to September 15 are maximum per-gallon standards for all regulated parties including retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers, unless the state has an extended summer ozone season as part of the federally-approved SIP (e.g., Arizona, Eastern Texas). Typical ranges are 7-15 psi or 48-103 kPa. The vapor pressure will be relatively low for substances with stronger intermolecular forces. Have a look at this handy vapor pressure for water table to find the pressure for different temperatures quickly: Two formulas have a version for vapor pressure of water over ice (so for temperatures below 0C0\ \degree\mathrm{C}0C). Already a Member? On December 4, 2020, EPA revised the federal RVP regulations. Metal 3D printing has rapidly emerged as a key technology in modern design and manufacturing, so its critical educational institutions include it in their curricula to avoid leaving students at a disadvantage as they enter the workforce. Phase I was applicable to calendar years 1989 through 1991. Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) in a closed system at a given temperature. 22.5 - 24. 23.8 To find the vapor pressure at a given temperature, use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation: ln(P1/P2) = (Hvap/R)((1/T2) (1/T1)). The cooling capacity needed by ultra-low temperature apparatus cannot be reached economically with a single vapor compression refrigeration cycle due to the constraint of the high compressor pressure ratio. So it doesn't matter if we put our liquid into a wide flask or a thin graduated cylinder - the vapor pressure remains the same. All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details. The vapour pressure of diesel should be 0 kPa. At lower temperatures, fewer molecules have sufficient energy. [citation needed], There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup. As of that date no counties in Florida are subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility standard. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. The relative density of diesel should be between 31 and 40. The effective date of the rule was June 7, 2017. We don't collect information from our users. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. Please click here to see any active alerts. 90 - 100. The Stage II system controls the release of VOC, benzene and toxics emitted from gasoline. If you want the saturated vapor pressure enter the air temperature: saturated vapor pressure: Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin. EPA regulates the vapor pressure of gasoline sold at retail stations during the summer ozone season (June 1 to September 15) to reduce evaporative emissions from gasoline that contribute to ground-level ozone and diminish the effects of ozone-related health problems. When provided with an ignition source, fuel ignites or flashes at its flash point. Diesel fuel can have a maximum 200 ppm of water and 10 ppm of sediments and still be of good quality. The density of oil at 20 deg C and zero overpressure is calculated according to the formula. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 392. See Air Quality Designations and Classifications; 56 Fed. 2.5 - 2.8. 23858 (August 30, 2004) (codified at 40 CFR part 81). Itkin, M.K. What is the relative density of diesel fuel? This is the pressure, in psi (pounds per square inch) or kPa (kiloPascals), necessary to keep a liquid from vaporizing when at 100 F (37.8 C). The most well-known and established is the Antoine equation, but other methods also exist (and they perform better in typical conditions). Sea Transport of Petroleum, Jansen and Hayes, Ainsley, South Shields 1938, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Use and Storage of Flammable & Combustible Liquids | Environmental Health and Safety | Iowa State University", "Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester", "Fuels and Chemicals Autoignition Temperatures", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flash_point&oldid=1133299867, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 03:00. Ash content measures the amount of metal within diesel fuel. Jet fuel flash points also vary with the composition of the fuel. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! Check out 10 similar chemical thermodynamics calculators , What is vapor pressure? The vapour pressure of water is the pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in gaseous form (whether pure or in a mixture with other gases such as air). What is the specific volume of the vapor (ml/g)? As of April 12, 2021, no counties in Missouri are subject to the States 7.0 psi volatility requirement. A The vapor pressure curve of water intersects the P = 1000 mmHg line at about 110C; this is therefore the boiling point of water at 1000 mmHg. Lubricity refers to a fluid's ability to minimise friction between two surfaces in motion with each other. At the boiling point molecules anywhere in the liquid may be vaporized. Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. Birmingham, Alabama; EPA published a final rule on March 12, 2021 (86 FR 14000) that removed Kansas gasoline rule that applied to 2 counties in the Kansas portion of the Kansas City, KS-MO area from the approved SIP. The relative density of fuel, sometimes called the API specific gravity, refers to the amount of fuel per unit. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The flash point of a material is the "lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture". Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. temperature of a liquid increases (TT\uparrowT) kinetic energy of its molecules increases (EkE_{\mathrm{k}}\uparrowEk) number of molecules transitioning into a vapor increases vapor pressure increases (PP\uparrowP). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Below is a summary of the federal fuel volatility regulations at 40 CFR 1090.215: The following is a list of all actions that EPA has taken since 2014 to either relax the federal 7.8 psi RVP standard or to remove state fuel regulation from the states approved SIP: EPA issued a final rule on May 22, 2014 (79 FR 29362) that relaxed the 7.8 psi federal RVP standard in Davidson, Davie, Durham, Forsyth, Granville, Guilford and Wake Counties . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The difference between these classes depends on viscosity and boiling point ranges . Typical minimum values for automotive diesel fuels range from 38C in the USA to 56C in some European countries. If a fluid consist of more than one component (a solution), components with, At atmospheric pressure saturation temperature of. I need to know a typical reid vapour pressure for diesel, I fear that such a number doesnt exist from a quick literature search. Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, and Rockdale, Georgia (the Atlanta RVP Area). The absolute vapour pressure of a liquid occurs at 37.8 degrees Celsius or 37.8 degrees Celsius. The change in vapor pressure of a pure substance as temperature changes can be described using the equation known as the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: (1) l n P 2 P 1 = H v a p R ( 1 T 1 1 T 2) Where: P1 is the partial pressure of the liquid at T1. Vapour pressures of diesel at room temperature are very low; that discussed in has a vapor pressure of 0.4 mm Hg (E 0.053 kPa). 70 deg F = 0.0090. Vapor pressure definition, Vapor pressure of water calculator - how to use, One for describing the vapor pressure curve. The rule was effective on publication. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. See if you can locate an MSDS sheet for the actual material in question- they quite often show that on there, and saves you wondering whether "essentially" is close enough. The pressures are stated in mega-Pascals, where a Pascal is a Newton per square meter, and as a multiple of standard atmospheric pressure. EPA set the Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) standard at 9.0 psi for designated volatility attainment areas and the RVP standard at 7.8 psi for certain designated volatility nonattainment areas. EPA also set the RVP standard at 7.8 psi for the Denver, Colorado 1997ozone nonattainment area that was designated as nonattainment for ozone in an April 30, 2004, notice designating areas pursuant to CAA section 107(d)(1). Note 1) Diesel fuels are in USA broken up into 3 different classes: 1D, 2D and 4D. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. 4D fuels tend to be used in low-speed engines. Fischer, T. and Bjarnason, B.: Sensitizing and irritant properties of 3 environmental classes of diesel oil and their indicator dyes. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Lowe earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Huntington University. The reference values come from Lide table with the vapor pressure of water (all pressures are given in kPa\mathrm{kPa}kPa). The relative density of diesel should be between 31 and 40. The auto-cascade refrigeration cycle is a good alternative. The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface and, at sufficient height, the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the fire point. Type negative temperatures into the calculator and the vapor pressure will be determined according to Buck and Teten's formulas. Additional detailed information on areas where a SIP-approved state fuel rule applies can be found on the State Fuels webpage. Reg. As of January 22, 2018, Shelby County is no longer subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility requirement. 12/28/2020, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, 68334-30-5; 68476-30-2; 68476-31-3; 68476-34-6; 77650-28-3. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The vapor pressure of a liquid is the point at which equilibrium pressure is reached, in a closed container, between molecules leaving the liquid and going into the gaseous phase and molecules leaving the gaseous phase and entering the liquid phase. Standards for June l to September 15 are maximum standards for all regulated parties including retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers, unless the state has an extended summer ozone season as part of the federally-approved SIP (e.g., Arizona, Eastern Texas). In our calculator, you'll find implemented: Where vapor pressure is expressed in mmHg\mathrm{mmHg}mmHg and temperature in kelvin. On the contrary, the vapor pressure is relatively high for relatively weak forces. Acetaldehyde: 20: 0.295: 0.788: 105: Acetaldehyde: 30: 0.275: 0 . The saturation vapour pressure is the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state.At pressures higher than vapour pressure, water would condense, whilst at lower pressures it would evaporate or . The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied. Metal 3D printing has rapidly emerged as a key technology in modern design and manufacturing, so its critical educational institutions include it in their curricula to avoid leaving students at a disadvantage as they enter the workforce. The vapor pressure of a liquid can be measured in many ways, e.g., by a manometer connected to the flask with the measured liquid. In both these types, the cups are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced. And at 20 deg C water will have 2.34 KPa as vapour pressure. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, Livingston, Ascension, and Iberville (the Baton Rouge Area), Louisiana; and Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. The vapour pressure of diesel should be 0 kPa. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. T3 = 100C = 212F = 671.67R, 1/ T3 = 0.0014888. The coefficient of volumetric expansion at 15 deg C is calculated according to the formula. Vapour Pressure of Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbon Vapour pressures of diesel at room temperature are very low; that discussed in has a vapor pressure of 0.4 mm Hg (E 0.053 kPa). Designations and exact boundaries of the ozone nonattainment areas subject to the 7.8 psi RVP standard were published in the November 6, 1991, notice that designated areas pursuant to CAA section 107(d)(4)(A)(ii). That rule was effective on October 21, 2019. The Reid vapour pressure measures the volatility of fuels. Standard test methods are written and controlled by a number of national and international committees and organizations. The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors keep burning after the ignition source is removed. P. Jansen). No odour threshold appears to have been established for cetane. What is the vapor pressure at 25 degrees Celsius? See Air Quality Designations and Classifications for the 8-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Early Action Compact Areas With Deferred Effective Dates, 69 Fed. Density of oil. Diesel is suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine. Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. A certain concentration of a flammable or combustible vapor is necessary to sustain combustion in air, the lower flammable limit, and that concentration is specific to each flammable or combustible liquid. Boiling point : 177 - 371 C (350 - 700 F) Flash point : 38 - 82 C (100 - 180 F) Auto-ignition temperature : > 260 C (500 F) Decomposition temperature : No data available Flammability (solid, gas) : No data available Vapor pressure : 1 mm Hg @ 20 C (68 F) Relative vapor density at 20 C : > 5 (Air = 1) This action updated many of EPAs existing gasoline, diesel, and other fuel quality programs. Figures 7.1-13b, 7.1-14b, 7.1-15 and 7.1-16 provide equations for calculating the vapor pressure of crude oil and . Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 and 96C (126 and 205F). Vapor pressure: 2.17 mmHg Flash point: 125F Vapor density: Specific gravity: 0.841 at 60.8F . The most often used is the Antoine equation (4.232kPa4.232\ \mathrm{kPa}4.232kPa), but the Buck formula (4.245kPa4.245\ \mathrm{kPa}4.245kPa) is usually the most accurate one for temperature ranges we typically look for. Hence this is the pressure required for mercury to boil at 250C. Shelby County (Memphis), Tennessee; and Number one diesel usually has greater volatility than number two diesel, and therefore has a lower distillation. The 95 per cent distillation end point sits at 288 degrees Celsius for diesel one and 355 degrees Celsius for diesel two. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. 20F (approx.) The threshold limit value (TLV) for styrene is 20 p.p.m. So its correct to say water as saturated or subcooled liquid at 20 deg C with . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Engine Manufacturers Association, with approval from the United States Department of Energy, put out a recommended guideline designed to define the limitations of key physical properties for diesel fuel in order to maintain its newly improved quality level. (2) Y ct =Mass emissions as calculated from the "transient" phase . Learn the vapor pressure value of ethanol and other liquids at room temperature: 20C-25C or 68F-77F. Alternatively, if the vapor pressure at 70C is 105.37 kPa and is known, you can use the 70 to 90C temperature differential to calculate the slope and intercept and ultimately calculate pv = 35.79 psia = 246.79 kPa. Certain SIP-approved fuel programs do not provide for use of a 1.0 psi ethanol waiver under 40 CFR 1090.215(b). 360 - 385. Vapour pressure=1.. 10 kPa at 38 C for diesel and JP-4, 0.5.. 5 kPa at 38 C for kerosene. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". . When comparing vapor pressures we need to be making comparisons at the same temperature. The final rule was effective on April 12, 2021. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Phase II is applicable to 1992 and later calendar years. EPA published a rule on October 24, 2018 (83 FR 53584) that relaxed the 7.8 psi federal RVP requirement for the Louisiana parishes of East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, Livingston, Ascension, and Iberville (the Baton Rouge Area). The table below shows the comparison of the accuracies between different formulas for several temperatures from 0C0\ \degree\mathrm{C}0C - 100C100\ \degree\mathrm{C}100C range (32F32\ \degree\mathrm{F}32F - 212F212\ \degree\mathrm{F}212F). Give it a go! Number 1 fuel oil is essentially kerosine. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The vapor pressure of water calculator found the pressure according to five formulas. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Therefore, as of July 5, 2019, the sale of gasoline with an RVP of 7.8 psi is no longer required in the Pittsburgh area (Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland Counties). K. Delimiter: Tab Space Comma (,) Semicolon (;) Accuracy: For many substances, vapor pressures are only poorly known; expect errors up to a few 10% of the vapor pressure value and up to approx. Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE Temperature (degrees F) Pounds per square inch 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 0.094 0.124 0.163 0.211 0.272 0.347 0. . Whether you need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems life throws at you. [2], All liquids have a specific vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature and is subject to Boyle's Law. Flash points of substances are measured according to standard test methods described and defined in a 1938 publication by T.L. 2 Defined as temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure 3 Reid vapor pressure at 37.8C . There are two factors that influence the vapor pressure: The higher the temperature is, the more molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid or solid, which leads to higher vapor pressure values. about 0.85 kg/l Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. As of January 25, 2018, these 11 parishes are no longer subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility standard. The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure.For water, the vapor pressure reaches the standard sea level atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg at 100C. Pipelines, Piping and Fluid Mechanics engineering Forum, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. In response to the 1990 CAA Amendments, EPA amended the volatility regulations. 7840. The 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments added a new section, 211(h), that prohibited the EPA from establishing a volatility standard more stringent than 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) in an ozone attainment area, except that EPA may impose a lower (i.e., more stringent) standard in any former ozone nonattainment area that has been redesignated to attainment.
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