cit., pp. A translation from the German by JOHN LEES, M.A., D.Litt. He became somewhat of a war hero during the First World War, during which he was a talented propagandist against his own country, Great Britain. DICE Dental International Congress and Exhibition. ). Houston Stewart Chamberlain, "Kant: Excursus on the 'Thing in Itself,'" Immanuel Kant: A Study and a Comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato and Descartes, vol. of his time. Chamberlains theories owed much to the writings of Joseph Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who was the first to claim to prove the superiority of the Nordic race. 6But what was to be said about Rome? The Romans, of course, were the best, but they did not protect themselves; they did not protect the excellence of their blood. Furthermore, his belonging to the Wagner family was a letter of credit and a sign of distinction in the small but growing world of the far right movements. He imported some of his arguments from the . This would be taught in the ideological courses every member of the party (among which, members of the SS) had to take. ), with an introduction by Lord REDESDALE, G.C.V.O., . Beck, 1999, 534p. NF, Beat, Von Perikles zu Hitler? Houston Stewart Chamberlain 4: Hans Gnther 5: Hitler and Mein Kampf . Houston Stewart Chamberlain is the translation of "Houston Stewart Chamberlain" into Croatian. Both an art lover and . Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a British racial theorist and philosopher, the son-in-law of Richard Wagner, a prolific writer and also a significant contributor to Adolf Hitler's thinking about race and in general, to National-Socialist racial ideas and ultimately, policy. Though it were proved that there was never an Aryan race in the past, yet we desire that in the future there may be one. how quickly does holly grow. And this is the reason why it triumphantly . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, (born Sept. 9, 1855, Southsea, Hampshire, Eng.died Jan. 9, 1927, Bayreuth, Ger. Assistance with short selling your home , Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, 463p. And Weindling, Paul. The Europe the Romans had ambitioned was saved by a racial messiah: the Germanic tribes which, by invading the Empire, preserved the continent and its civilization. This is the decisive standpoint for men of action. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Introduction Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) is best known for his cultural history Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Foundations of the Nineteenth Century; Munich, 1899) as well as for his studies of Kant, Goethe, Wagner, and Heinrich von Stein. He published in 1899, in Munich, a very large book entitled the Foundations of the 19th Century5 (Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts). But in his book, Chamberlain laid down the foundations for a vision of history that was to nurture the Nazi Weltanschauung. Off we go. especially since Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a forerunner of Nazi racial ideology, embraced it. If the Greeks were philosophers, the Romans were lawyers. He spent his winters in Cannes and springs in Florence. Before praising the Romans for being good lawyers, he blames them for their lack of creativity: Can you find one single poetic genius among the Romans? Writers like Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain derived an additional hierarchy, which gave white-skinned people an internal hierarchy. This is a draft section of a chapter in my forthcoming Ph.D., in which I explore the racial and theological theories of 19th-century German philosopher Houston Stewart Chamberlain. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. But in his book, Chamberlain laid down the foundations for a vision of history that was to nurture the Nazi. Encyclopdiste et dilettante la fois, amateur dart, il a pntr le cercle des wagnriens et est devenu le gendre de Richard Wagner. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? Both an art lover and a dilettante, he was welcomed into Richard Wagners larger circles when he became his son-in-law. The main postulate was quite simple: everything in human history and culture could be explained by race, as Schemann would later emphasize in the three volumes of his Rasse in den Geisteswissenschaften. After attending a lyce in Versailles and a boarding school in Cheltenham, he visited destination spas and various health resortshe did not have a very sound constitutionwith his chaperon and a tutor. . Sample translated sentence: . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. HomeIssues11Antique Bodies in Nineteenth CentPart I: Utopian BodiesTraining the Body: The Antique ModelFrom Humanism to Nazism: Antiquit Darwiniste social et raciste convaincu, Houston Stewart Chamberlain sest constitu une vaste culture dautodidacte. Greece has always gravitated around Asia, till Rome dragged it away, to the West. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born German author of books on political philosophy, natural science and Richard Wagner. This idea allowed Chamberlain to combine both his vast amount of knowledge in history as well as in the humanities, in general. He mumbles, wants to speak, he can'tand then weeps like a child! 20 Bergen, Doris L., Twisted Cross. There is the force that stems from chaos and in turn leads to chaos, and there is the force which shapes the cosmos, , Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926, 782p. Quote f, Although he did not agree with everything he had written in the, , Hitler knew how to value such honour. As for Aristotle, he would not have been remembered in the same way had it not been for Plato. Later, when the Jews rebelled in Palestine, under Vespasian and Titus, and then under Hadrian, they were beaten once again: There is a second roman delenda of overwhelming significance for world history: the delenda est Hierosolyma. He then joined the Nazi party before he passed away in 1927. The known world, the, , reached its apex around the first century A.D., when the Romans, having conquered Greece, managed to combine their chtonian. The Teutonic warrior is therefore celebrated by Chamberlains book with the same resonating fury as Wagners operas: Without him, the Indo-Europeans would have disappeared. While the Greeks rejoiced in the company of ideas, the Romans were materialists in both the best and the worst sense of the term. Delenda est Carthago, but this time for gooda word to the wise for people who were sent fighting the new Carthage of Jewish bolshevism on the Eastern front. It was not really a success, mainly because Hitler did not agree with Chamberlains glorification of Christian culture; but also because he believed that Christ was a mixed-blood; he who was born, according to the Fhrer, from a Roman soldier and a Palestinian prostitute named Mary, : You cannot make an Aryan out of Jesus that is nonsense. 20Houston Stewart Chamberlain died far too early to witness the rise of the NSDAP and the Gleichschaltung of Germany under Nazi rule. Jerusalem is to be destroyed: an imperative the Romans followed at least twice, to crush the rebellions of those Jews who spend their time revolting against every state order because their race was synonymous with chaos. Wagner, Richard, Das Judentum in der Musik, Leipzig, 1869. Houston Stewart Chamberlain. His most fundamental idea was that the Germanic race was the cornerstone and the pillar of civilization. Fortunately, the Greeks were great artists, like the Germans themselves. Indeed, I would also describe you as the opposite of a politician, in the commonly accepted sense of the word, for the essence of all politics is membership of a party, whereas with you all parties disappear, consumed by the heat of your love for the fatherland.26. . The () Where are the roman scientists? Houston Stewart Chamberlain (/ t e m b r l n /; 9 September 1855 - 9 January 1927) was a British-German philosopher who wrote works about political philosophy and natural science. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1912). This race of heroes which carried out a Herculean task by creating the, was defeated by hybrid weaklings from Asia minor, Greeks and Jews who infiltrated the Empire and the most inner circles of imperial power, thus becoming the juridicial counsellors of the throne. Greek and Roman antiquity play an essential part in his argumentation. He could have been a typical character from A Room with a View; he who could not embrace the military career his father had ambitioned for him and went on travelling instead. Der Fanatiker will berreden, Sie wollen berzeugen, nur berzeugen, und darum gelingt es Ihnen auch; ja, ich mchte Sie ebenfalls fr das Gegenteil eines Politikers dieses Wort im landlufigen Sinne aufgefat erklren, denn die Asche aller Politik ist die Parteiangehrigkeit, whrend bei Ihnen alle Parteien verschwinden, aufgezehrt von der Glut der Vaterlandsliebe. Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker der Seelen aus Schlaf und Schlendrian sind, mir einen so langen erquickenden Schlaf neulich schenkten, wie ich einen hnlichen nicht erlebt habe seit dem verhngnisvollen Augusttag 1914, wo das tckische Leiden mich befiel. Houston Stewart Chamberlain Full . 19 Fenske, Wolfgang, Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Johann Chapoutot, From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain ,Miranda [Online], 11|2015, Online since 23 July 2015, connection on 05 March 2023. 1.7 Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of Western History Like Theodor Fritsch, Houston Stewart Chamberlain represents an important link between The early Parteigenossen of the 1920s or the people who cast their ballot for the NSDAP in the 1930s did not want the annihilation of Poland or the Holocaust. 23 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century: A Translation from the German by John Lees, vol. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und. Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. Eines ist aber so klar wie die Sonne am Mittag: wre das phnezinische Volk nicht ausgerottet (), so htte die Menschheit dieses 19. The known world, the oekoumene, reached its apex around the first century A.D., when the Romans, having conquered Greece, managed to combine their chtonian gravitas with the celestial intelligence and inspiration of the Greeks. His big eyes burn like fire. By way of mixture and integration, the Romans changed and gave birth to a breed of mongrels, giving out the Roman citizenship (, ) to every free man on earth. Was der Chamberlain da in seinen Grundlagen geschrieben hat, ist gelinde gesagt dumm, Hitler quoted in Rauschning, Hermann, Gesprche mit Hitler, Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. 5 Athens represented, for Chamberlain, the beauty of ideas and the greatness of philosophy, which as such is not a very original idea. Counter-revolutionary theoreticians exalted in Germany the biological idea of the Volk and coined the word vlkisch as an alternative to the French adjective national. The fanatic inflames the mind, you warm the heart. Es gibt eine Gewalt, die aus Chaos stammt und zu Chaos hinfhrt, und es gibt eine Gewalt, deren Wesen es ist, Kosmos zu gestalten. English author of books on political philosophy (1855-1927) edit. () Where are the roman scientists? Miranda. Please, do not mention this painstaking compiler, good enough to write mediocre encyclopaedias named Plinius, Chamberlain has nothing but contempt for Plinius, who might have been less of a mediocre, , as he puts it, than he was himself. 15The second Saviour (with a capital S) is Jesus Christ himself whom Chamberlain celebrates at length in his book. What Chamberlain wrote in his. 10, p.296, in the English translation by MURPHY, James, London, Hurst and Blackett, 1939, vol. Despite his English birth and family, his early indifference toward England and all things English developed into a lifelong hatred. They then engaged with the Romans: Carthage was a Jewish kingdom and Hannibal himself was some sort of a fighting rabbi! Being a Nazi in 1926 was just not the same than being a Nazi in 1938, 1942 or 1944. [11] Ulterior a devenit cetean german i ginere al lui Richard Wagner, dup ce s-a cstorit cu fiica acestuia, Eva von Blow. Enqute sur la gense de lhistoire de lart, Paris, PUF, Perspectives Germaniques, 2000. Two of his uncles were generals, and a third was a . There are links between the Hindus of India and the Germans hence the inverted swastika of the nazis. Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race. Now I believe I understand that it is precisely this that characterizes and defines your being: the true awakener is at the same time the bestower of peace25. By way of mixture and integration, the Romans changed and gave birth to a breed of mongrels, giving out the Roman citizenship (civitas romana) to every free man on earth. Fenske, Wolfgang, Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. Der Schwiegersohn Richard Wagners und engste Vertraute Cosimas war der fhrende Kopf Bayreuths. 3This book has the reputation of being hard, if not impossible, to read. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Methodenkritik, in, Hellas: Griechische Geschichte und deutsche Geisteswissenschaft. Long, long handshake! But something is as clear as the sun at midday: if the Phenician people had not been exterminated () mankind would never have experienced () this 19, century that we can consider with pride and hope, For Chamberlain, the victory of the Carthaginians over the Romans would have been a catastrophe: We have been saved by the brutal, of Cato and the likes. 16 Das Rassen- und Nationalittlose Vlkerchaos des sptrmischen Imperiums, Ibid., p.371. If politicians had been more aware of his work, states would be far better off now, writes Hitler: Those who had the government of the country in their hands were quite as indifferent to principles of civil wisdom laid down by thinkers like H. S. Chamberlain as our political leaders now are. What were the problems caused by modernity and how could the world be improved for the sake of the better portionthe white portionof humanity? As they wanted to destroy anything that was not Jewish, they fought against the Greeks. The Superior Aryan Race . is to serve the Germanic race". For todays readers, it is nothing more than a flood of words and phrases, an accumulation of commonplaces, false ideas and lies without any firm structure or real coherence. From his anthropological research, . Among them were Houston Stewart Chamberlain and many members of what historians later called the Bayreuther Kreis, an informal circle of members and friends of the Wagner family, including Cosima Wagner, the wife of the Master, and Ludwig Schemann. In the 1031 pages of the two volumes, Chamberlain borrowed ideas from the leading sciences of the time (history and the natural sciences) and stood up for the dominant ideas, at the. Chamberlains later works included studies of Kant (1905) and Goethe (1912), various essays defending Germanys military efforts and aims during World War I, the autobiographical Lebenswege meines Denkens (1919; Paths of My Thought), and Rasse und Persnlichkeit (1925; Race and Personality). While the Greeks had given Europe a soul, the Romans were busy shaping the body: the Imperium, the jus romanum, the legions. Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926. The Europe the Romans had ambitioned was saved by a racial messiah: the Germanic tribes which, by invading the Empire, preserved the continent and its civilization. More importantly, they would prevent any further decadence and avoid mixing with inferior races, like the Jews or other crossbreds. It was high time the saviour appeared. En 1899, ses Fondements du 19me sicle le font connatre dun vaste public: il y relit la totalit de lhistoire de loccident au prisme de la race et du ncessaire avnement de la puissance germanique. In a criminal way, the Asian and African slave had crawled up to the throne of the Roman Empire. copies. As for Aristotle, he would not have been remembered in the same way had it not been for Plato. Like Hegel, Chamberlain praised the Greeks for inventing freedom and the key notion of personality: Over there, in Asia, in the East, no man had ever been a person. Ludwig Schemann exerted a great intellectual influence on the other members of the Wagner circle, popularizing what people started to call the Vlkisch ideology3: to fight against the (revolutionary) French idea of Nation based on the (false) assumption of equality. "In this manner the ground was prepared for the emergence of a new race of'Supermen'," said Houston Stewart Chamberlain. 325-363. Sie sind ja gar nicht, wie Sie mir geschildert worden sind, ein Fanatiker, vielmehr mchte ich Sie als den unmittelbaren Gegensatz eines Fanatikers bezeichnen. His writing promoted German ethnonationalism, antisemitism, and scientific racism; and he has been described as a "racialist writer". 8 Demandt, Alexander, Politische Aspekte im Alexanderbild der Neuzeit. Lolita : Examining the Underside of the Weave, A digital resources portal for the humanities and social sciences, Catalogue of 609 journals. "In this manner the ground was prepared for the emergence of a new race of'Supermen'," said Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Oktober 1923, quoted in Stackelberg, Roderick, Winkle, Sally, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook. This book had already been published in 1850, but anonymously. She married Siegfried, Richard Wagners only son, and was considered the only true custodian and bailiff in Bayreuth after Siegfrieds death, as well as a sort of muse for Adolf Hitler, whom she greatly admired. Sie haben Gewaltiges zu leisten vor sich, aber trotz Ihrer Willenskraft halte ich Sie nicht fr e, Resorting to antique concepts and quoting Goethe, Chamberlain celebrates Hitler as the creator of a, , the hero who fights against every sort of, : You know Goethe's distinction between force and force. Schemann, Ludwig, Die Rasse in den GeisteswissenschaftenBand II: Hauptepochen und Hauptvlker der Geschichte in ihrer Stellung zur Rasse, Munich, Lehmanns Verlag, 1930. . However, it was quite successful from the 1900s to the 1930s; it sold over 200000 copies. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who spoke fluent German, belonged from then on to the sanctum of Germano-maniac racism, a group of worshippers who had gathered around Richard Wagner: Wagner, the bard of a reinvented Germanic mythology, who celebrated heroic figures of oneiric purity and had a slight tendency of considering that his agethe 19th centurywas leading white Germanic mankind towards decadence, degeneration and death. Home; About; Program; FAQ; Registration; Sponsorship; Contact; Home; About; Program; FAQ; Registration; Sponsorship . emphasizes the importance of race, nation, personality, the creative idea in history . , Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926, 782p. Quote from vol. So they Aryanised him. SpracheRasseReligion, Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a typical member of the 19, century British gentry but had the most atypical destinya destiny which was built around the culture of two countries: England which he left early and Germany which was to become his true home. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und afrikanische Knecht bis zum Thron des rmischen Imperiums hinaufgeschlichen, inzwischen der syrische Bastard sich des Gesetzeswerkes bemchtigte, der Jude die Bibliothek zu Alexandria benutzte, um hellenische Philosophie dem mosaischen Gesetze anzupassen (). It would be the official creed of the Deutsche Christen under the Third Reich; for instance, an official Protestant church pledged to the Nazi party20. Der Fanatiker erhitzt die Kpfe, Sie erwrmen die Herzen. idea ideal importance individual influence inner interest Italy Jewish Kant knowledge later less limited living material matter means mechanical merely mind moral mysticism nature never observation once original Paul personality philosophy political possess possible practical present principle proved purely . : to fight against the (revolutionary) French idea of Nation based on the (false) assumption of equality. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Mind, Jew. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who spoke fluent German, belonged from then on to the sanctum of Germano-maniac racism, a group of worshippers who had gathered around Richard Wagner: Wagner, the bard of a reinvented Germanic mythology, who celebrated heroic figures of oneiric purity and had a slight tendency of considering that his agethe 19, centurywas leading white Germanic mankind towards decadence, degeneration and death. Sie kennen Goethes Unterscheidung von Gewalt und Gewalt! Jahrhunderts, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. Chamberlain indulges in the most appalling stereotypes of the Bildung of his time. This beautiful race (in every regard) was dominant in Germany and Austria, but also within the elites of the British Empire and of the United States of America; it extended to the French elites as well, but only partly. 5 Sourced Quotes. Farewell! This essay introduces a textual primary source in the form of Anti-Semitic and Judeophobic excerpts from the book Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Volume 1 written by Houston Stewart Chamberlain in Germany during the late 19th century and was first published in 1899. This attempt at completing the Nazi evangelium was not crowned with success: Hitler, who considered. ), British-born Germanophile political philosopher, whose advocacy of the racial and cultural superiority of the so-called Aryan element in European culture influenced pan-German and German nationalist thought, particularly Adolf Hitler's National Socialist movement. In these publications, Chamberlain emphasized the heroic Teutonic aspects in the composers works. The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. Since the purpose of his, was to try and explain everything about life and history, it naturally had to start with Antiquity for the authors exhaustive survey to have any semblance of logic at all. Griechenland hat stets nach Asien gravitiert, bis Rom es losriss. Oktober 1923, quoted in. His writing promoted German ethnonationalism , antisemitism , and scientific racism ; and he has been described as a "racialist writer". I am deeply upset. Still, the Greeks were far from perfect. In very ancient times, Germanic tribes had come from the north to colonize the south. (). In a criminal way, the Asian and African slave had crawled up to the throne of the Roman Empire. Houston Stewart Chamberlain. , the vision of antiquity remained the same: a Germanic golden age in Greece and Rome which was scattered and shattered by the Jews. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Methodenkritik, in Archiv fr Kulturgeschichte, 64, 1972, pp. As a true Wagnerian, Chamberlain needed heroes and saviours. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. But something is as clear as the sun at midday: if the Phenician people had not been exterminated () mankind would never have experienced () this 19th century that we can consider with pride and hope15. Counter-revolutionary theoreticians exalted in Germany the biological idea of the Volk and coined the word vlkisch as an alternative to the French adjective national. is a form of prolonged indictment against the Jews, depicted as a race full of hatred, longing for might and vengeance. 2A passionate and self-educated man, Houston Stewart Chamberlain studied and read a lot, eager to explore many different fields at once: history, philosophy or the natural sciences. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. SpracheRasseReligion, Darmstadt, WBG, 2001, 464p. 4 Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race. Chamberlain could very well have been a poor mans Hegel: rewriting the history of civilization in a less than talented way, apologizing for not being able to elaborate further on what he was talking about because it would take too long and writing much nonsense on the science of the time which he was already busy repudiating. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Houston-Stewart-Chamberlain, The Official Site of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. I, chap. (1855-1927) Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Anglo-German race theorist and philosophical and . In the eyes of God all men, indeed all creatures, may be equal: but the divine law of the individual is to maintain and to defend his individuality. Enqute sur la gense de lhistoire de lart, Paris, PUF, Perspectives Germaniques, 2000. 17Indeed, this encounter and interview left such an impression on Chamberlain that he considered Hitler as the epitome of many essential virtuessuch virtues as warmth, kindness and selflessness, all embodied by the Fhrer of the NSDAP: You are not at all, as you have been described to me, a fanatic. After the shock of the First World War and of Germanys defeat, Chamberlain slowly faded away. I, chap. (Edin. Hitler wanted the support of someone whose work had become a canonical book for the racist nationalists in Germany. they believed that the Nordic race had become superior because harsh climatic conditions . He became a member of the Wagner circle and grew quite intimate with the family of the Meister whose daughter, Eva, he ended up marrying. Educated at Versailles, Geneva, and Vienna, Chamberlain became an admirer of Richard Wagner, publishing his first work, Notes sur Lohengrin (Notes on Lohengrin), in 1892. Why was the world precisely how it should be (the white population thus rewarded for its supremacy over the others)? Thanks to this book, and because he was someone who mattered in Bayreuth, Chamberlain later became a very important mediator in the formulation of the Nazi ideology, before he died in 1927. . Samuel Beckett : Drama as philosophical endgame ? Chamberlain, der Seher des Dritten Reiches : das Vermchtnis Houston Stewart Chamberlains an das deutsche Volk : in einer Auslese aus seinen Werken [1936 - 1934] Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 1855-1927. 2 Schemann, Ludwig, Die Rasse in den GeisteswissenschaftenBand II: Hauptepochen und Hauptvlker der Geschichte in ihrer Stellung zur Rasse, Munich, Lehmanns Verlag, 1930, 419p. 3 Puschner, Uwe, Die vlkische Bewegung im wilhelminischen Kaiserreich. Summary With a . Historic antisemitism , the rise of eugenics and nationalism , the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. Stackelberg, Roderick, Winkle, Sally, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook. They settled down in Greece and Rome, enjoying the benefits of cultural photosynthesis, thanks to the sun and mild climate of the Mediterranean. Dans sa dmonstration, lantiquit grco-romaine tient une place essentielle. In this monumental piece of work, he tried to answer the following questions: what made (t)his period the most remarkable one in history?