Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. [citation needed] The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. To obtain Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. Internet Explorer). [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Summary. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Thank you for visiting nature.com. (a) Principal component analysis by population. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. Google Scholar. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. See: Poznik. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. For this are several indications. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. Correspondence to Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. Origin. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. Google Scholar. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. Although the present-day frequency of G1 is low across its spread zone, the expansion time estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 192716158 years attests to considerable antiquity. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. In 2009-10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G SNPs with the L designation. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. P257 was first reported in 2008. In Egypt, studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. . Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Semino et al. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. and JavaScript. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. Google Scholar. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations.